The Only Thing Constant is Change: Money Edition

Sovereign Man’s Simon Black gives a terse but incisive account of the evolution of money in the perspective of  reserve currency and its lessons.

For hundreds of years the Byzantine Empire coined the most popular reserve currency in the history of the world.

Merchants all over Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and further, used it in trade for centuries.

It was called the solidus, and was introduced by Constantine I in 312 AD.

The solidus held steady at 4.5 grams of 24-carat gold for nearly seven centuries. Hence its Latin name – ‘solid’. The durability of its purity is nearly unprecedented in the history of money.

Its weight, dimensions and purity remained constant until the 10th century when the government began to debase it.

The debasement was gradual at first, then accelerated rapidly.

In a matter of decades its gold content was reduced to almost zero as the Byzantine Empire was scrambling for cash to finance its numerous wars.

Consequently, Emperor Alexios I Komenos drastically overhauled the Byzantine coinage system in 1092 and introduced a new gold coin, the hyperpyron.

It too was soon subject to gradual debasement. And by the mid 1200s the hyperpyron’s gold content fell drastically again.

As the saying goes, fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me.

The rest of Europe had seen this movie before. And when they saw the gold content in the hyperpyron fall, they quickly lost confidence.

By that time, the Byzantine Empire was weak—a shadow of its former power.

Meanwhile, several small kingdoms in Italy were rising in prosperity, especially Florence, Genoa, and Venice.

The Florentines and the Genoese took up the task and minted a new gold coin called the florin, which at 3.5 grams of pure gold was the most wildly circulated trade currency in Europe and around the Mediterranean for a while.

The Venetian ducat gained wide international acceptance in the 1400s. The ducat contained 99.47% of fine gold—the highest metallurgical purity possible at the time.

As the Venetian merchants traveled far and wide the ducat became an internationally accepted trade currency throughout the world.

Even though he didn’t live in Venice, for example, Leonardo da Vinci was paid by the King of France in Venetian ducats—exactly 400 ducats per year, which in today’s dollars equals to roughly $56,000 (and he didn’t pay any tax…)

The ducat was ultimately supplanted by the Spanish dollar (real de a ocho, or Pieces of Eight) with the onset of the Age of Exploration.

Pieces of Eight became so widespread in international trade that they were legal tender in the United States until the mid 19th century.

The clear lesson here is that this stuff changes.

It’s common for the world’s most powerful country to issue a currency that becomes adopted around the world as the standard for international trade.

But whenever that country reaches a point of epic, terminal decline, and especially when it rapidly debases its currency, the rest of the world seeks an alternative.

The US has been enjoying this special privilege for decades now.

With the way the US government has been imposing imperial policies from geopolitics to trade and even to finance, which has recently sown the seeds of global factionalism, the US dollar’s reserve currency status is clearly in jeopardy. Compounding on this has been the Fed's bubble blowing that has been embraced as standard by today’s central banks. Such bubble policies have raised the specter of instability and crisis across the globe.

As the great Ron Paul recently wrote:

US policymakers fail to realize that the United States is not the global hegemon it was after World War II. They fail to understand that their overbearing actions toward other countries, even those considered friends, have severely eroded any good will that might previously have existed. And they fail to appreciate that more than 70 years of devaluing the dollar has put the rest of the world on edge. There is a reason the euro was created, a reason that China is moving to internationalize its currency, and a reason that other countries around the world seek to negotiate monetary and trade compacts. The rest of the world is tired of subsidizing the United States government's enormous debts, and tired of producing and exporting trillions of dollars of goods to the US, only to receive increasingly worthless dollars in return.

The US government has always relied on the cooperation of other countries to maintain the dollar's preeminent position. But international patience is wearing thin, especially as the carrot-and-stick approach of recent decades has become all stick and no carrot. If President Obama and his successors continue with their heavy-handed approach of levying sanctions against every country that does something US policymakers don’t like, it will only lead to more countries shunning the dollar and accelerating the dollar's slide into irrelevance.