``The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him.”- Leo Tolstoy
Speaking of economic reality, the unsustainable state of welfare system in Greece and the PIIGS in the Eurozone today seems like a good example of government wastrel, that needs to be rebalanced or ‘revert to the mean’.
But this outcome while necessary may not likely be a preferred path for policymakers.
Mainstream’s Penchant For Currency Devaluation
Figure 4: Danske Bank[1]: The Euro Crisis
Yet the problems of the PIIGs (see figure 4) is not mostly because of the recent bursting of the US housing bubble but from previous government profligacy which arose from the incentives brought about by the prevailing monetary platform...the fractional reserve system operated by central banking.
Economists Peter Boone and former chief of the IMF, Simon Johnson formerly chief of the IMF writes[2], (bold highlights mine)
``The underlying problem is the rule for printing money: in the eurozone, any government can finance itself by issuing bonds directly (or indirectly) to commercial banks, and then having those banks “repo” them (i.e., borrow using these bonds as collateral) at the ECB in return for fresh euros. The commercial banks make a profit because the ECB charges them very little for those loans, while the governments get the money – and can thus finance larger budget deficits. The problem is that eventually that government has to pay back its debt or, more modestly, at least stabilize its public debt levels.
``This same structure directly distorts the incentives of commercial banks: they have a backstop at the ECB, which is the “lender of last resort”; and the ECB and European Union (EU) put a great deal of pressure on each nation to bail out commercial banks in trouble. When a country joins the eurozone, its banks win access to a large amount of cheap financing, along with the expectation they will be bailed out when they make mistakes. This, in turn, enables the banks to greatly expand their balance sheets, ploughing into domestic real estate, overseas expansion, or crazy junk products issued by Goldman Sachs. Just think of Ireland and Spain, where the banks took on massive loans that are now sinking the country.” (all bold highlights mine)
While Messrs. Boone and Johnson prescribe a whopping $1 trillion backstop for Portugal, Italy and Greece, they also call for the end of the current “repo window” to be substituted by “eurozone bonds”.
And like most of the Euro doomsayers, the common denominator to blame for the Greece or the PIIGS crisis has been the rigid monetary system from the Union or that these crisis-affected-countries can’t devalue its way out of the mess.
However, contra such generalizations, devaluing a currency would have some merit if the debts had been priced in local currency. But if they are priced in foreign currency then devaluation raises the cost of real debts. Hence, devaluations will not resolve the problems that require massive adjustments or reversion to the mean in economic sphere.
Central Banking Means Inflationism, ECB Included
For the mainstream economists, as always, money printing appears to be the only feasible solution to the mess surrounding the government’s spendthrift ways for so-and-so noble reasons.
Whether it is the ECB or the Fed, the political incentives for the central banks remain the same, to re-quote Murray N. Rothbard[3] anew,
``The Central Bank has always had two major roles: (1) to help finance the government's deficit; and (2) to cartelize the private commercial banks in the country, so as to help remove the two great market limits on their expansion of credit, on their propensity to counterfeit: a possible loss of confidence leading to bank runs; and the loss of reserves should any one bank expand its own credit. For cartels on the market, even if they are to each firm's advantage, are very difficult to sustain unless government enforces the cartel. In the area of fractional-reserve banking, the Central Bank can assist cartelization by removing or alleviating these two basic free-market limits on banks' inflationary expansion credit.”
In other words, governments are not likely to radically alter the framework of the banking system because of the following reasons:
One, it defeats the purpose of having a central bank, i.e. finance government deficit, cartelize private banks and circumvent market’s restriction to expand credit,
As for the government banks financing of government debt, Germany’s government banks had been recently reported to have sizeable holdings of Greek debt. According to the New York Times[4], (bold highlights mine)
``Germany’s financial institutions hold some €28 billion, or $37 billion, in Greek bonds, Barclays Capital estimates, extrapolating from International Monetary Fund data.
``A quick survey of Germany’s largest banks Wednesday indicates that probably half of that debt — rated “junk” by Standard & Poor’s since Tuesday — sits on the balance sheets of institutions that are owned or controlled by the government. The percentage could be much higher, but outsiders have no way of knowing for sure because bank regulators and many of the banks refuse to disclose precise numbers.”
So this only serves as proof of how central banks and the banking cartel system work hand in hand.
Second, the most conspicuous path dependency for the authorities of the ECB and the US Fed (or even with Bank of Japan) would be to inflate the system (as we previously discussed[5]), given the du jour mainstream ideology triumphalism of present policies and the addiction to the printing press,
Third, except for some tweaks (via financial reforms) in the banking regulation, the path towards banking regulation is to maintain the status quo but with more control over the cartelized system (one just needs to ask why has governments steadfastly refrained from the nationalizing the system?) and
Importantly, as long as the private sector continues to use government’s “legal tender” as the preferred medium of exchange then some semblance of political control over the economy is assured.
In essence, central banks are means to a political end. This only extrapolates that politics and central banking have been tightly enmeshed. And to argue that politics only emerged recently is unalloyed hogwash.
So it would be quite naive to suggest that for instance, Germany can simply walk away given the current problems, as this view ignores the main function of central banks.
Understanding The Euro’s Political Foundation, The Bailout Of Greece
One major reason why the Eurozone forged a union through a common currency had been to avoid from having to get immersed into repeated military conflicts, given its vulnerable geographic location.
As Marko Papic and Peter Zeihan of Stratfor[6] writes, (bold emphasis mine)
``Germany’s exposure and vulnerability thus make it an extremely active power. It is always under the gun, and so its policies reflect a certain desperate hyperactivity. In times of peace, Germany is competing with everyone economically, while in times of war it is fighting everyone. Its only hope for survival lies in brutal efficiencies, which it achieves in industry and warfare.”
``Pre-1945, Germany’s national goals were simple: Use diplomacy and economic heft to prevent multifront wars, and when those wars seem unavoidable, initiate them at a time and place of Berlin’s choosing.”
So I guess Frederic Bastiat’s “when goods don’t cross borders, then armies will” serves as the foundation behind Euro’s emergence.
From a moral point of view (which I subscribe to), the EU should have kicked Greece’s wazoo for fudging or falsifying her data, just to be included in the elite membership. But that would be overly simplistic reasoning.
Again we cite Messrs. Papic and Zeihan[7], (all bold highlights mine)
``The problem with that logic is that this crisis also is about the future of Europe and Germany’s place in it. Germany knows that the geopolitical writing is on the wall: As powerful as it is, as an individual country (or even partnered with France), Germany does not approach the power of the United States or China and even that of Brazil or Russia further down the line. Berlin feels its relevance on the world stage slipping, something encapsulated by U.S. President Barack Obama’s recent refusal to meet for the traditional EU-U.S. summit. And it feels its economic weight burdened by the incoherence of the eurozone’s political unity and deepening demographic problems.
``The only way for Germany to matter is if Europe as a whole matters. If Germany does the economically prudent (and emotionally satisfying) thing and lets Greece fail, it could force some of the rest of the eurozone to shape up and maybe even make the eurozone better off economically in the long run. But this would come at a cost: It would scuttle the euro as a global currency and the European Union as a global player.”
And this appears to undergird why Germany assiduously took all the time and efforts to convince Greece on reforms, than to speedily embrace a bailout. By successfully convincing Greece to adapt fiscal austerity, Germany would be able to reduce the leash effect from the moral hazard that would influence the actions of the other “crisis affected countries” from taking on the same path.
Yet Greece has adamantly resisted reforms until last week’s panic in the CDS and bond markets (see Figure 5), which apparently posed as the proverbial straw that broke the camels’ back.
Figure 5: Danske Bank[8]: Greece Debt Meltdown - What's Next?
And this has forced the arms of both the Eurozone and Greece to come up with a package.
And as of this writing, Greece appears to have finally acceded to a €100 billion (US $133 billion) bailout[9], which appears to validate our view once again!
No Trend Goes In A Straight Line
Does the panic in the European bond markets imply the end to the inflation driven financial markets?
Hardly.
The incentives driving the authorities of central banks have been to use more inflation in the face of any crisis (throw them money at them[10]), and the Greek episode simply amplified and validated this path dependency.
Considering that much of the world has been more on the recovery phase in the current economic cycle (or at the next phase of a budding bubble cycle), we aren’t inclined to believe that a market meltdown from a contagion is likely to prosper.
Also, it doesn’t mean that because global equity markets stumbled this week translates to the end of the current cycle.
For the perma-bears that would be wishful thinking.
In the US, the Dow Jones Industrials has been up for 8 consecutive weeks prior to this correction along with the Nasdaq, while the S&P 500 had been up for 6 straight weeks prior to 2 successive weekly declines (see figure 6).
In short, markets don’t move in a straight line!
Figure 6: stockcharts.com: Greece Contagion?
Yet there is hardly any trace that the correction has been related to the contagion of the Greek crisis.
Funny how, perma bears scamper for any piece of evidence to justify a bearish outlook- a cart before the horse logic. Two weeks ago it was Goldman, now they’re back to Greece after failing last February.
If the recent correction is about a Greece sovereign spillover, then why has US treasury 10 year yields fallen or why has US treasuries bonds rallied?
We seem to be seeing some rotation away from the Euro area and into US Treasuries. The US dollar appears to likewise validate this perspective.
Most of Asia, except for China, has been less as pressured. The Philippine Phisix was up this week, while the Philippine Peso was slightly lower. Asia’s mixed performance implies that the rotation was very much a Euro-US dynamic.
The VIX or the fear index isn’t likely much of a forward looking indicator either. The current spike in the VIX index hasn’t even surpassed the February high, yet the S&P after this week’s correction is still very much higher than the when the VIX previously spiked.
Moreover we are seeing a rally in Gold and Oil.
While US treasuries haven’t chimed with these commodities to indicate general inflation, this only continues to affirm our outlook that we are currently treading in the sweet spot of the inflation cycle.
So there are hardly any vital signs to exhibit that markets are about to inflect. What we are likely seeing is just a natural pause from a persistent run-up.
China’s Next Wall Of Inflationism
Finally, today’s Keynesian world only means more money printing to fund the government sponsored shindig as insurance against any crisis.
China’s market is in an apparent doldrums following the repeated assaults by her government to stem a localized bubble. The latest government directive was reportedly the “most draconian measures in history[11]” as noted by an analyst, as China’s government ordered a total freeze in loans on acquisitions of third properties.
So aside from the government actions, China’s languid markets may also reflect on the present weakening of her domestic credit cycle.
Nevertheless China appears to be preparing for any eventuality. A Chinese daily have recently floated that the next tsunami of government spending worth 4 trillion yuan ($586 billion) for nine industries will be announced in August[12].
Apparently for policymakers there is no alternative route but to engage in rampant inflationism.
In my view, it is not worthy to fight this trend.
[1] Danske Bank, The Euro Crisis, Can Politicians Catch Up With The Avalanche?
[2] Boone, Peter and Johnson, Simon; To Save The Eurozone: $1 trillion, European Central Bank Reform, And A New Head for the IMF
[3] Rothbard, Murray N. The Case Against The Fed p. 58
[4] New York Times, Germany Has Big Investment in Greece Even Before Bailout
[5] See Why The Greece Episode Means More Inflationism
[6] Papic, Marko and Zeihan, Peter; Germany's Choice stratfor.com
[7] Ibid
[8] Danske Bank Greece Debt Meltdown - What's Next?
[9] Bloomberg, Greece Accepts Terms of EU-Led Bailout, ‘Savage’ Budget Cuts
[10] See Mainstream’s Three “Wise” Monkey Solution To Social Problems
[11] Bloomberg.com, China’s Property Demand May Remain ‘Strong,’ HSBC’s Yorke Says
[12] Bloomberg.com, China May Announce 4 Trillion Yuan Stimulus, China Business Says
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